Compare and contrast two psychological approaches Essay

My intention in this essay, is to compare and contrast the following psychological approaches Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis, in doing this I will unpack the key points of these two approaches, highlighting the differences and explaining them. The first approach I will look at is Psychoanalysis; the most famous psychologist linked to this is Sigmund Freud an Austrian psychologist who first proposed his Psychodynamic approach. These perspectives states, that there are three main sections to the human psyche. The first is the â€Å"ID† this is the natural drive, which seeks gratification constantly, the second is the â€Å"EGO† this is our personal set of values developed as children, and finally the â€Å"SUPEREGO† a set of learned values, taken from society and our parents rules and values. Also he believed that as children we all go through five stages oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency. If the child is either under or over gratified in any one of the stages then they will have problems in adulthood. Another element of Freud’s theories was his studies of dreams; Freud believed that dreams acted as a form of fantasy, a defence mechanism against the unacceptable urges of the id. Fantasy allows the individual to act out events in the imagination, which can satiate the urges of the id, which are repressed. Freud theorized that dreams were a subconscious manifestation of these repressed urges, and that they served mainly to satisfy sexual and aggressive tendencies The other theory I will refer to is Behaviourism; this is an approach, which states that all psychology must be directly measurable and recordable, if it is to be regarded as scientific. In his 1924 book Behaviourism, Watson made the notorious claim that, given a dozen healthy infants; he could determine the adult personalities of each one, â€Å"regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors.† While  making such a claim seems ridiculous today, at the time Watson was reacting to emerging Freudian psychoanalytical theories of development, which many people found threatening. Watson’s scheme rejected the entire hidden, unconscious, and suppressed longings that Freudians attributed to behaviours and posited that humans respond to punishments and rewards. Behaviour that creates positive responses is reinforced and continued, while behaviour that creates negative responses is eliminated. After both of these psychologists came other expanding on their theories, psychologists like Pavlov and Skinner expanded Watson’s theories and Psychologists like Jung and Adler expanded Freud’s. An important component of many psychological theories in the late nineteenth century, including psychoanalysis was â€Å"introspection†, the study of the mind by analysis of one’s own thought processes. It was in reaction to this trend that behaviourism arose, claiming that the causes of behaviour were not founded in the mind, but rather that they were the results of conditioning and responses to stimulus. Behavioural theorists emphasize that behaviour is a result of a process of learning from observing. What actions pay off and what works. This theory simplifies human behaviour by neglecting the many other influences on us, many of which are vital to the psychoanalytic theory. In direct conflict psychoanalysis uses introspection as the basis for all theory stating that behaviour is caused by childhood experiences, to quote Freud â€Å"the boy is father to the man†. Another difference is found when you look at research methods. Psychoanalysis is based around introspection and as such has very little research, due to the fact that the theory has very little testable data, it can neither truly be proved nor disproved. Behaviourism tested and researched ideas before they were published, all of the research was directly observable and and testable, this was due to the basic aim of behaviourism, which is to produce analysable and scientific results. The research done by the approaches differ as much as who they are studying behaviourism focuses all of its attentions upon animals and how their  behaviour equates to human behaviour. The reasons for this focus of experimentation was stated by theories being made on the evolution of creatures scientists such as Charles Darwin were stating that all life found on earth descended from basic organisms, due to this behaviourists of the period believed that any reaction from a animal could be observed in humans as all creatures â€Å"evolve† from one another. The techniques used for Freud’s research, were based around introspectional research into members of the public, the problem however was that Freud lived in a place where the only willing volunteers for research were Jewish housewives, as such Freud’s research can be critised as it focused mainly on one (extend) As time has gone by both of these theories have received critism from various sources, and their views have been expanded and changed by psychologists who came after them. Since Freud first described his psychodynamic theory, Freud and his psychoanalytic theory have faced intense criticism. His most famous critic is Jung, a former college. Jung started to disagree with Freud in 1913 over many of the key of issues to the theory, including amongst other points, Freud’s emphasis on children’s sexuality and its importance in early development. Jung had a different view of the construction of human personality, for instance, and had different ideas about how dreams should be interpreted and viewed as part of psychoanalysis, dreams of course being very important to the study of Psychoanalysis; they were seen as to quote Freud † a window to the subconscious†. Alfred Adler, another college of Freud, also disagreed with the masters view of childhood sexuality, instead he believed that infants and children are driven mainly by a need for acceptance and praise rather than sexual gratification. In modern times, Freud has been the target of criticism from many corners. Feminists especially criticize his understanding of â€Å"hysteria† and his theory of Oedipal conflict, they deny that a child would think and seek to act in this way. Basically the main criticisms of Freud’s theory are that it is based too much in studying sexual urges and the need for gratification. Also many people believe that Freud had no real proof for his theories and they were too much based around introspection. His theories have been expanded and criticised by his peers, Jung, Adler ECT, and their theories although still psychoanalytic list the influences on behaviour as society and a persons environment. Much of the research done in Behaviourism was done prior to john Watson championing the term â€Å"Behaviourism† in his 1924 book. Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) initially proposed that humans and animals learn behaviours through the association of stimuli and responses. He stated two laws of learning to explain why behaviour occurs the way that it does: The Law of Effect specifies that any time a behaviour is followed by a pleasant outcome, that behaviour is likely to recur. The Law of Exercise states that the more a stimulus is connected with a response, the stronger the link between the two. Ivan Pavlov’s (1849-1936) carried on work on classical conditioning also he provided an observable way to study behaviour. Although most psychologists agree that neither Thorndike nor Pavlov were strict behaviourists, their work paved the way for the emergence of behaviourism. Later the behaviourist approach was taken up by B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) who worked out the evolution of human behaviour by observing the behaviour of rats in a maze, where certain actions lead to different consequences In the 1950s, however, the popularity of behaviourism began to decline. Behaviourism is very difficult to crititse as unlike other approaches the data is not open to interpretation. As such the theory has received very little crititsm over the years. One of the main critisms was made by Noam Chomsky (1928), an expert in  speach, who demonstrated that the behaviourist approach simply could not explain the way a child picks up its native language. Today, many psychologists debate the extent to which cognitive learning and behavioural learning affect the development of personality. Also much of the research done by behaviourists would not be possible in the present day as the general public are much more aware of issues of cruelty to animals. Both of these theories have one key element, which is shared. Namely both have inspired and been the basis of therapies, which are still used to aid a variety of problems. From psychoanalysis, psychotherapy grew. Psychotherapy is a way of treating psychological or emotional problems, through talking both about the issue and about other issues. The main focus is to talk the patient through their experience hoping to discover the personal feelings, relationships, and events that have created their vegetative behaviour. Freud first used this therapy whilst living in Austria where he was a practicing physician specializing in neurological disorders. When Freud could find no physical cause for an illness, he would experiment with this new therapy and in this way he found it extremely useful. It is now used widely across the world and is even a recommended treatment in the NHS. Behaviourism has led to other therapies, mainly treatment for phobias. Classical conditioning is also the basis for different types of fears or phobia, which can occur through a process called stimulus generalization (a child who has a bad experience with a particular dog may learn to fear all dogs). Although classical conditioning is the cause of many phobias, classical conditioning can also help eliminate them through a variety of therapeutic techniques. One is â€Å"systematic desensitisation†, in which an anxiety-producing stimulus is linked with a positive response. The opposite result (making a desirable stimulus unpleasant) is obtained through â€Å"aversion conditioning† therapy, in which a behaviour that a person wants to stop e.g. an addiction, such as alcoholism is paired with an unpleasant stimulus, such as a nausea-producing drug. So in conclusion, no one theory can be proven either correct or incorrect, as elements of each are useful and effective in modern life. Psychologists will constantly expand these theories and critism will continue, for as long as the debate rages on. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Psychology for A level by Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum (2000) Gale Encyclopaedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998. Rachlin, Howard. Introduction to Modern Behaviourism. 3rd ed. New York: Freeman, 1991 Lieberman, David A. Learning: Behavior and Cognition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1990. Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology. Gale Research, 1998. Blackman, Derek E. Operant Conditioning: An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour. London: Methuen, 1974.

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Reflection Of Clinical Practice - 794 Words

This reflective essay will discuss three skills that I have leant and developed during my placement. The three skills that I will be discussing in this essay are bed-bath, observing a corpse being prepared for mortuary and putting canulla and taking it out. These skills will be discussed in this essay using (Gibb’s, 1988) model. I have chosen to use Gibb’s model because I find this model easier to use and understand to guide me through my reflection process. Moreover, this model will be useful in breaking the new skills that I have developed into a way that I can understand. This model will also enable me to turn my experiences into knowledge that I can refer to in the future when facing same or similar situations. Gibbs model seems to be†¦show more content†¦When washing my patient I ensured at all times that I covered areas of the body that I was not washing at that time so make sure that I treated my patient with dignity and respect as well giving privacy to my patient. Feelings When my mentor first asked me to wash the patient, I felt nervous and scared as I did not want to get anything in the process wrong. I also felt scared because this was going to be my first time doing a bed-bath on my own whilst my mentor was observing me. Moreover, I had never washed a male patient before so at first I felt embarrassed for myself and for the patient himself as he was being washed by a female nurse whilst the other one (my mentor) observed. This is because some of the patients in my ward often refused to be washed by female nurses for personal and privacy reasons. I felt anxious that if I do anything wrong I would hurt my patient by accident. I also stated to worry about whether the patient would understand me when I try to communicate with him for example when I ask my patient to roll over so I can put a new sheet for his comfort. When it came to cleaning the area near the stoma I felt even more apprehensive and I did not want my mentor or my patient to notice my ne rvousness as the patient would have felt that I was not capable and not aware of what I was doing. When all of a sudden my patient started to cough and looking a bit distressed I began to think that I was not doing something right and was causing distress to him. IShow MoreRelatedClinical Practice Reflection1592 Words   |  7 PagesA REFLECTIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE EXPERIENCE Introduction My reflective clinical practice experience was based on my eight weeks placement in an acute mental health ward in a hospital. I was not sure of what to expect because I have never worked or placed in an acute ward and this was my second placement. Before starting my placement, I visited the ward and was inducted around the ward. This gave me a bit of confidence and reassurance about working in an acute ward. Reflection is a process ofRead MoreReflection1542 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to â€Å"capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate† (Boud et al 1985: 19) Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities for self developmentRead MoreReflection: Surgery and Reflective Practice1110 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment critically discusses a reflective practice with regards to a clinical placement I undertook. In the following critical incident that I encountered I will utilize the Gibbs Reflective Model. Gibbs reflective model is fairly straightforward and encourage a clear description of the situation. 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Reflective practice has beenRead MoreConstructivist Learning Theory And Nursing Practice1520 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction As the demand for nursing education grows and with the rapidly advancing roles of nursing, educators need to stay up-to-date. â€Å"Theory-based practice provides nurses with a perspective† (Parker, 2006, p.28). With the comprehension and use of educational theories, nursing educators can support student knowledge and development into practice. These theories are outlines of cohesive concepts and principals that describe, explain, or predict how people learn. Every one learns differently andRead MoreThe Performance Of Blood Glucose Level Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pageslevel (BGL) tests which was carried out during the clinical intensive workshops. This paper will firstly explore and discuss the value and importance of personal reflection in nursing in a health care setting and how personal reflection is a key component in the learning processes of an individual and how it improves skills. Secondly, this paper will identify blood glucose levels and reflect on how I felt I p erformed this skill during the clinical intensive workshop. Thirdly, discussing how I feelRead MoreHow A Newly Graduated Physiotherapist Can Prepare For Employment Using Self Analysis1126 Words   |  5 PagesFor students to graduate from a physiotherapy course, upto 1000 clinical hours needs to be completed (Dawson, Morris Wilson, 2014). In terms of clinical experience, as a graduate, 1000 hours are minimal in relation to the greater paradigms of development and clinical knowledge. 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Modern Slavery - 792 Words

Lehman, David Lehman 1 English 2 Honors Gifted 14 May 2007 Mrs. K. Doyle Modern Slavery Our sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln spoke the following words in the Emancipation Proclamation, which were meant to free all slaves in the United States from bondage in 1863. â€Å"That on the first day of January A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and Naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no acts or acts to†¦show more content†¦Remember that, the next time that you buy that imitation, knock-off pair of sneakers or handbag. Researchers found that more than ten thousand people are in forced labor across 90 US cities. These people are forced to work in sweatshops, clean homes, work on farms, or work as prostitutes or strippers. Many of these cases are accumulated in areas with large immigrant populations, like California, New York, and Florida. Most of the victims of forced labor are â€Å"imported† from 38 different countries. China, Mexico, and Vietnam top this list of countries (Gilmore 1). The Berkeley findings also show a case where a Florida employer threatened hundreds of Mexican and Guatemalan workers to harvest fruit. It also shows a case where a Washington D.C. couple brought Cameroonian teenagers to work fourteen hours a day as domestic servants, without pay while threatening them with deportation. The teenagers were promised a better education (Gilmore 2). Lehman 3 Most cases of modern slavery are started by a misleading lie, like the promise of an education, a normal job, food and board, or financial compensation. 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Human trafficking is synonymous with slavery and deprives the victim of basic human rights. It is a process that begins with an individual seeking an opportunity to improve their life through work or immigration, and ends with the person being exploited and enslaved. The United Nations International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that over 20.9 millionRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Modern Slavery1415 Words   |  6 PagesWhen forced into sex trafficking statistics state that 67 percent of prisoners are forced into labor, 55 percent are women and girls, and 26 percent are children that endure the conditions and harshness of this generation s modern slavery. Human trafficking is the modern slavery throughout the globe and 27,000 cases have been reported to the NHTRC hotline in the last eight years alone (Human Trafficking). Human trafficking is of all ages, all genders, and anyone can be forced into the labor. 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Prime Candidates of Vigilantism Free Essays

All law stems from one source of order. In a time of anarchy and chaos a man brought for from a mountain top two stone tablets from which all law branches. Those two tablets, the Ten Commandments, were to be the seeds of lawful civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on Prime Candidates of Vigilantism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those seeds have since become the roots of modern humanity. A prime example of this is the United States government. The phrase â€Å"In God we trust† is imprinted on every piece of legal tender and on most documentation. The purpose of law and government is to â€Å"protect† the people, but the fact that punishment need be imposed only illustrates the fact that it does not protect. Punishment is imposed only after harmful actions against society have been carried out. In order for punishment and legal intervention to be applied there first must be a crime or an action that is the government†s responsibility to prevent from taking place. When law is applied the government has already failed to protect the individual; punishment will do nothing to help the victim after they have been victimized. Law does not, in truth, prevent such behavior; it only deals with it once it has occurred. Law does nothing to prevent socially harmful behavior, it therefore does not protect in accordance with the tenets set forth in the theory of the Social Contract. Why then, in such a modern civilization, do we have vigilantes? The answer is simple. The fact is that although humanity has advanced, law has failed to keep up. The prime candidates for vigilantism are those who abide by the law. They acknowledge the existence of the law and respect it. They expect that if one day they are the victim of a crime the offender will quickly go through trial and be punished. The truth is that that is rarely the case. It can take months for an offender to even go to trial. The U. S. criminal justice system, however the best in the world, is not nearly efficient enough to properly handle the workload placed upon it. Still the situation comes up that even in a clear-cut case with hard evidence and witnesses, law enforcement will fail to properly pass down punishment to those who commit a crime. This is the time when people take the law into their own hands. Impatience and frustration drives and individual to do what he or she believes what the government has failed to do. It can happen to anyone. But can crime be prevented in the first place? The law often frustrates teenagers and adults alike. The major difference between these two groups is experience. Teenagers are usually more likely to go out and â€Å"punish† those who violate them or their friends. An example of a teen vigilante is when a teen goes out to defend his/her name in order to prevent slander. This is seen very often. Unfortunately, these teens have either not been educated or have exhausted all legal means in order to halt the crime (slander). Adults are often confronted with the same situation but by having experienced this before, they are more prepared to take action against this. But in adults we often see something not usually seen in teens, the involvement of alcohol. Alcohol clouds judgment and increases violent tendencies. Although teens do consume alcohol, they cannot obtain it legally. Because of the age difference, punishment should not be the same for both adults and teens. Although there are some difference, for some reasons adults seem to have more choices in terms of education and correction. In adult prisons, inmates can attend GED classes and earn degrees. Teens however do not have that same option. Instead, they have clean-up punishments such as Saturday detention at the high school. What should be done is Saturday corrective classes. Instead of cleaning the school, clean their minds. This is where education comes in. In order to eliminate criminal behavior, we first must rehabilitate and educate those who are at high risk to or have already committed a crime. In most forms of punishment, such as seen at the Douglas Juvenile Corrections office, there is actually no correction. Lawn maintenance does in no way educate the offenders. Punishment does not promote understanding not does it allow analysis. Education, unlike punishment, is not a restriction, but a guide. Education is a positive behavioral influence that promotes freedom and instills morality. With education comes understanding. Without those two key elements there cannot be the wisdom necessary for correction. Regarding the disciplinary action taken on juvenile offenders, some of which I have seen working outside during school hours, should not be out there. Instead, they should be forced to attend school. Whether it is high school or a form of military school, they need education. Becoming a vigilante is almost never a result of free choice of an individual. Rather, it is forced upon one by poor or slow action on part of law enforcement. If we as society ever hope to live in peace and prosperity as guaranteed to us by the constitution, we need to not only enforce the laws, but preach the law. How to cite Prime Candidates of Vigilantism, Papers

Operation & Management of Artaaj Group Free Sample Assignment

Question: You are required to undertake an analysis of an operation with which you are familiar. This is likely to be the organization in which you currently work, however it is also possible to analyse another operation (e.g. a previous employer) if you have recently changed jobs or where there are issues (for example) with your ability to gather data for the case. For the operation of your choice you need to:1. Provide a brief instruction to the operation and the organizational context. 2. Identify the key issues with the operation and critically evaluate these using theory from the module to underpin this critique. Answer: Background of the operation and organization Artaaj is a professional service provider which is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The organization is involved in providing event management services along with the product promotion and launches, marketing communication and exhibitions. The company is quite known for its shows over the region (Artaaj.com, 2015). The management of operation is a tough task for the organization so that organization work can be aligned towards the goal. The operation that will be analysed in the particular study will be relating to quality of supply chain done by the company in providing services. The supply chain of the services is facing some constraints and due to that, company is not able to enhance their performance in recent times and due to this issue other competitors in the service industry market is getting hike which can largely impact the growth and market cap of the company (Nagurney, 2015). Identification of key issues in the operation The major issue that is faced by the company is service supply chain and due to that the growth of the company has slow down which is affecting the profit margin of the company. Moreover, the service seeking clients are slowly shifting towards other event management companies that are meeting their expectation and budget. Therefore, it can affect the long term goal of Artaaj. Employee Performance: The performances of the workers are dipping down from the past two years. It can be known from the data of the company that in 2011 employee performance was registered at 47% but in 2013 it felled down to 43% and it further declined to 40% in 2014. The decline in the performance is badly hurting the company to maintain its market share and sale of their service. According to Fascio Pecetto (2014), the performance of employee has decreased due to high work load and lack of advanced technology in coping up with the job criterion. Customer Experience: In the recent time, the customers are providing good feedback about the service of the company. For instance, one of the clients that are Arla quoted that the company did not arrange the event as per instruction in spite of investing money (Fincannon, Keebler and Jentsch, 2011). Due to such mistake, Arla got bad impression from their clients. Therefore, customer service is one of the issues in their operation of the company that can hurt them adversely if their service continues in such manner. Appointment System Issues: It has become one of the major issues in the company, Artaaj. The employees often conduct the mistake by apportioning the same appointment date for the two clients and due to that company has to suffer and in turn they lose the potential clients. For instance, on 3rd June 2011, an employee of the company made an appointment schedule for two clients that are Clorox and Nera on the same day and due to that the company was not able to provide any service to any of these clients (Fuwen, 2014). Therefore, it shows that appointment system of the company is not taken up seriously. On the other hand, it was found that company was not able to provide prompt service to the client due to lack of number of employees and service. Therefore, it lowers down the chances of earning potential income or earnings that could have been beneficial for Artaaj. Material and Labor Resources: In this case, the company is not able to organize material resources and labour resources in quick time due to that company is having problem in managing its operation and supply chain. Moreover, the operation manager of the company is taking lot of time to assemble the resources so that quick event service can be provided to the clients (Hunke and Prause, 2014). Therefore, due to this issue, company is able to lose their potential income source. Apart from that, company is not able to organize their human resources in required number due to lack of expertise personnel. Further, due to lack of material for arranging event is quite an issue in managing operation that can hamper the process of company in meeting the targets in scheduled time (Kiessling and Harvey, 2014). Costs: The cost of operation is quite high for the company and due to that quality of the service of the company is in question. The cost of operation has increased from 23% to 24% in 2014 but the quality in service has not risen up to its mark (Lavee and Benjamin, 2014). Apart from that, due to increasing cost of technology and materials, the company is facing difficulty in controlling the rising costs. Therefore, it can seize the overall earnings of the company in a view to improve the performance and organization effectiveness. Elements of Operational Management Theory Efficiency: The efficiency of the employees has to be developed so that they can help the company in gaining higher productivity. Therefore, for that employee has to be provided training so that they can develop their skill and efficiency in providing best service to the clients and to the company as well. The lean management system can be useful in eliminating the false behavior of employees while providing service (Misztal and Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, 2014). Reliability and Adaptability: As the company is involved in event service then best and right service has to be provided to clients so that it can help in building client-supplier relationship. Every client has to be delivered same service as it can help the company to grow and make their mark in the market positively (Qiang et al., 2014). On the other hand, the company has to prepare themselves to adapt to the changes if there is changes in the technology or market as it can help in providing effective customer experience and it can increase the brand value of the company in the market. Reduced processing time and Behaviour: The behavior of the employees has to be taken care while performing their task. As it has been discussed that employee sometimes makes error in appointing services. Therefore, the operational manager may need to control the behavior of employees so that best involvement and concentration can be generated from employees (Sarpong, 2014). Controlling: The increasing cost has to be controlled by effective planning so that material and labour resources can be gained. The control over the cost can save the profit of the company and operation efficiency can be increased. On the other hand, the operation manager has to measure the planned operation management with the actual performance so that better outcome can be known and loopholes in the performance can be addressed (Sdm.mit.edu, 2015). Analysis of the elements Operational Issues Elements Employee Performance The efficiency will help in focusing on performance of the employees so that required training can be provided to deal with the arising situation (Sinha and Swati, 2014). Customer Experience Reliability and Adaptability will help in providing quality customer service and customer can become loyal to the company. Appointment System Issues The behavior and reduced processing time will help in knowing the actual appointment and date of appointment and employees can be able to deliver quick and accurate service to the clients (Dabbene, Gay and Tortia, 2014). Material and Labor Resources The efficiency and control can help in maintaining the material and labour resources and generating higher productivity from them (Fuwen, 2014). Costs The control element can help in handling the cost of operation or inventory. This would help in gaining higher benefit and better service to clients with involvement of low cost. Using Theories In order to discuss the issues of operation of Artaaj, the performance objective has to be understood so that so performance of the company can be enhanced. Quality: The quality of event service is quite low that can affect the customer base and earnings. Therefore, the operation manager has to make sure that quality of service is maintained till the time of its delivery. Speed: It has been also noticed that there is issue in the prompt and quick service. Thus, it can be assumed that company may lose customer if the speed of service is slow. The company may need to fix time for each provision of service so that every client is able to receive service. On the other hand, an employee has to be trained to pace up their performance level (Bus.wisc.edu, 2014). Dependability: The service has to be provided on time by the Artaaj. The delivery of service on right time can increase the productivity and more number of clients may prefer to adopt the service of the company for organizing their events or shows (Chen et al., 2012). Flexibility: The operation process of the company has to be flexible so that number of services can be provided to the clients. For instance, if one client requires organizing exhibition show and other require product promotion event. Therefore, the company can be able to provide service as per demand and that too in quick time (Flynn, Huang and Zhao, 2014). Costs: In order to engage many clients, the company has to provide service at reasonable price. It will not only help in gaining clients but also in meeting the excess cost. Therefore, it can ensure higher profit margin and better flow of service domestically and internationally (Fuwen, 2014). Recommendations In order to develop and enhance operation process and supply chain, the company has to follow some strong strategies that can help in aligning the work and generating better earnings. The approach of Six Sigma can be effective tool for the company in measuring the performance and service, analyzing the performance, improving the performance and having better control of the performance. The quality of service supply chain can be improved and it can help in generating large number of clients. Moreover, the wastage in the service can be removed and employees can perform with highest quality and efficiency. Further, the organization can make prediction before in shortcomings. The lean management can be beneficial and effective for the company to decrease the percentage of wastage from the operation. The workflow can be evaluated with higher feasibility and quality service can be delivered to the clients. Moreover, quality of employee and operation in service can be increased and improved that can help in marinating the service production rate and inventory level. On the other hand, the company can have better competitive standing and the market value of Artaaj can be improved. Further, the employees can contribute more and it can lead to job satisfaction. Therefore, customer value can be created by improving the operation process. The just in time will be effective for the company in providing quick service to the client whenever demanded. Therefore, company will have to arrange inventory in order to deliver prompt service to clients. Moreover, the cost of running business can lower down. Moreover, the supply chain of service can be improved. References Nagurney, A. (2015). Operations Management and Supply Chain Network Theory. [online] Available at: https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/visuals/Nagurney-Fall-PhD-Operations-Management-Course-Supply-Chain-Networks-Gothenburg-University.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Artaaj.com, (2015). Welcome to Artaaj Events! A full service event management company headquartered in Dubai, UAE. [online] Available at: https://www.artaaj.com/Default.aspx [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Bus.wisc.edu, (2014). Challenges in Supply Chain Management. [online] Available at: https://bus.wisc.edu/mba/supply-chain-management/blog/2014/03/06/challenges-in-supply-chain-management [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Chen, Y., Liu, L., Feng, Q. and Chen, G. (2012). Key Issues Study on the Operation Management of Medical Waste Incineration Disposal Facilities. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16, pp.208-213. Dabbene, F., Gay, P. and Tortia, C. (2014). Traceability issues in food supply chain management: A review. Biosystems Engineering, 120, pp.65-80. Fascio Pecetto, L. (2014). Clostridium difficile infections and fidaxomicin treatment. Clinical Management Issues, 8(1S). Fincannon, T., Keebler, J. and Jentsch, F. (2011). Examining external validity issues in research with human operation of unmanned vehicles. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 15(4), pp.395-414. Flynn, B., Huang, X. and Zhao, X. (2014). Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets: Critical Research Issues. J Supply Chain Manag, 51(1), pp.3-4. Fuwen, H. (2014). Location Issues of Thin Shell Parts in the Reconfigurable Fixture for Trimming Operation. J.Aerosp. Technol. Manag., 6(3), pp.319-331. Hunke, K. and Prause, G. (2014). SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: EXPERIENCES AND SUCCESS FACTORS. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 3(3), pp.15-22. Johnsen, T., Howard, M. and Miemczyk, J. (n.d.). Purchasing and supply chain management. kellogg.northwestern.edu, (2015). Services Operations. [online] Available at: https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/lariviere/OPNS%20912%20Service%20Operations%20Wint%2008.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Kiessling, T. and Harvey, M. (2014). Human resource management issues associated with the globalization of supply chain management and logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 44(8/9). Lavee, E. and Benjamin, O. (2014). "I've Got No Choice": Low-Income Mothers' Emotional Management of Caring Crisis. Journal of Family Issues. Lugosi, P. (2014). Mobilising identity and culture in experience co-creation and venue operation. Tourism Management, 40, pp.165-179. Misztal, A. and Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, M. (2014). Environmental issues of the corporate social responsibility. Management, 18(1). Pirim, H., Al-Turki, U. and Yilbas, B. (n.d.). Supply chain management and optimization in manufacturing. Qiang, N., Huang, Z., Ke, N. and Yang, Y. (2014). Overview of supply chain risk management and the current issues of closed-loop supply chain in China. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 5(3), p.236. Sarpong, S. (2014). Traceability and supply chain complexity: confronting the issues and concerns. European Business Review, 26(3), pp.271-284. Sdm.mit.edu, (2015). News Events | MIT SDM. [online] Available at: https://sdm.mit.edu/news/news_articles/kyratzoglou-supply-chain-risk-management/kyratzoglou-supply-chain-risk-management.html [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Sinha, A. and Swati, P. (2014). Supply Chain: Next generation issues and concerns. 10.5267/j.uscm, pp.1-14. Ullrich, C. (2014). Issues in supply chain scheduling and contracting. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Waters, C. and Rinsler, S. (2014). Global logistics. London: Kogan Page.

What is Man in Civilized Society Essay Example

What is Man in Civilized Society Essay Jean Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher whose disposition on human nature took him into the vantage of man’s birth and his existence on this earth. Rousseau’s Discourse On Inequality is a development of the man from freedom to his virtual and self created slavery. In a quest to attain the materialistic possessions, he had lost his own freedom, which was earlier, the part of his existence. Man in his â€Å"state of nature† slowly developed himself into a state of artificiality. His whole existence depends upon the fulfillment of his unending needs on the basis of which lies his relationship with others in the society and in environment. This dependency makes him slave to the others for whom he matters the most.   This aspect of human nature Rousseau discourses on the Origin of Inequality.All men are born equal yet there is inequality among them and how this inequality among people originated, the answer to it is found in our history. When the first man, a fter getting hold of a piece of ground, confirmed with pride, This is mine, (Rousseau, 431) and found other people believed him; he had already laid foundation of civilized society. It is a society whereby all men are striving to attain maximum fruits provided by nature but it is also a fact that this is not possible without the help of others. Every one is isolated yet all of them are mutually dependent upon each other and subsequently these are reciprocal needs that unite them. It is also known fact that it is almost very difficult to put a man under subjugation unless he is first put into the position where by he is incapable of doing things without others.Before the man had started learning to work in groups, the first thing man mostly cared for was his own matter of existence and another was his own self preservation. He only needed whatever the nature provided him with and he learned it with his own instincts. Hunger and eagerness to know what is happening around him exposed h im to different other ways to sustain on this Earth and among them was the way by which he could propagate his species. This act in him was quite insensitive in nature and without passion. When they were satisfied, both the sexes need not know each other and even children forgot their mothers.Primitive man was not totally ignorant about the ways to utilize natural resources to his advantage but soon he got exposed to many difficulties and the time came when he had to learn various ways to counter these difficulties like fruit laden tall trees making it impossible for him to collect them; competition with other groups who were more eager to collect the fruits from these trees; and the need to counter furious looking and dangerous tribes man. He adopted his own routine exercises as he had to be very swift, and very vigrous in nature with strong physique. He started the use of stones and sticks to create weapons and with his new profound discovery, man embarked his journey to conquer a ll the obstacles that came in his way and in many situations indemnified himself as a consequence of his defeat against much stronger than himself.As human race grew in large number, man’s needs also grew and subsequently there were number of changes in his way of living. These changes could be due to long winters and extremely hot summers which destroyed the fruits. These hardships might have induced the man to discover something new and this led to formation of an industry. At the seashore, man invented hook line. He also became fish eater and consumed a large number of fish. Then in the forests, he invented bows and arrows and became warrior. Lightenning or volcano must have induced in him the idea of generating electricity. First he learned to preserve whatever knowledge or expertise he considered useful to him, like learning ways to preserve the elements of nature, later the way to reproduce these elements and the method to cook the flesh of animals on fire he was initia lly eating raw and slowly he was able to overcome all the obstacles posed by the nature to maintain his survival. As more civilizations made their appearance felt across the globe, man’s dangers increased and he began to show more intensity towards his protection and care. All his characteristics like strength, weakness, slow speed, fearfulness and boldness changed according to the needs and increased his intensity to take the precautions necessary for his security. These traits in him also increased his power of reasoning according to the nature and the rules of his own area. He began to judge others in the same way he would judge himself and understood the way they thought and acted in conformity to his own.The experiences also taught him the love for others and the complexities in various relationships. He began to understand how their mutual interests would satiate in his dependence on the other men of his own area, and he also began to realize how their conflicting inter ests would make him suspicious of others. In the case where he thought his mutual interest lied, he would create temporary association with others, where no member has any restrictions and in later case, every one would seek their own self interest.   In this way, men began to understand to work in a mutual cooperation with each other and advantages in fulfilling them and slowly they began to understand to adopt language. For them at that stage, the language of rooks or monkeys was enough to help them communicate with each other.Through cries, gestures and with some sounds, they were able to send their messages across and with the passing of time, they began to articulate the sounds to form their own languages but they were totally imperfect and rude. These advancements led them further to develop themselves and now they neither slept under the tree nor in the caves but they invented hard and sharp stones; they would dug inside the earth, cut wood and carved out huts from them. Th is was the beginning of the first revolution but with this revolution also began the human’s journey towards his very complex and hard relations with the other human beings. Stronger men were able to build their huts first , followed by weaker ones who found themselves safer to imitate them.This was the beginning of the society, when human beings started feeling various emotions that would attach them to each other and from then on, there was a beginning of family relationships, humanity, love and affection. Each family became a small society, and united to each other to attain maximum satisfaction in their personal lives and in their union with each other.   The women confined in their homes and men went to the world outside to sustain their lives. This was the beginning of dependency not only among opposite sexes but also among other fellow beings. With this, their needs also began to increase and to meet these needs, they had to adopt and acquire different qualities and skills in relationship to others and also among each other. As said by Rousseau, â€Å"the society in its beginning stages and the relations already established among men required in them qualities different from those they derived from their primitive constitution.†(Rousseau, 435)Now the men were no longer contended with rustic huts, they were not making their own clothes with skins of animals or thorns of fish bones but required labor of others to produce for them luxuries they never dreamt of. This need led to the requirement of labor and dependency of man on each other. Each man relied on each other for fulfillment of his unending needs and desires. Population also began to rise and many civilizations developed which acquired lands and were confined within the precinct of their own boundaries, but this was not a limit because civilizations continued to grow and with each growth, they acquired more and more land. The lust of acquisitions for more land and hope for a revenu e from agriculture made it the most costly and valuable commodity. More and more forests began to be transformed into fields needed to be watered and tilled with men’s sweat and with this â€Å"slavery and misery were soon seen to germinate and grow with the crops.† (Rousseau, 436). Metallurgy and agriculture and the lust for more possession of these two forms of art developed jealously and pride in the man. The necessity for gaining the knowledge of other art forms arose to give agriculture a boost. While one man was needed to forge the iron, the other was needed to feed them. When workers increased in metallurgy, the workers in the agriculture got reduced, as they got involved in extraction of metals; and since some needed food in exchange of iron, barter system came into existence- food in exchange of product and vice versa.The things would have been in the state of the balance if the equal amount of food and minerals had been developed but this was not the case. Th e people who were stronger in the society were doing majority of work; the skillful of all were turning this opportunity to better their position; and the most ingenious were finding the way to reduce the labor, for e.g. farmer needed iron the most and the blacksmith needed wheat; and if both of them performed equal amount of   labor but by putting equal amount of labor, one earned a lot while the other hardly had enough to eat. â€Å"Thus it is that natural inequality imperceptibly manifests itself together with inequality occasioned by the socialization process.† (Rousseau, 437) It is these occupational differences which enabled men to be more noticeable and more effective, and influenced the fate of others.Man began to develop their own imagination and mental power to decide on several activities. He fruitfully developed several forms of art for his own purpose and the development of these various arts gave him his own rank and position in his own area of working. And he had established himself not just on the basis of the production of goods and services but also on the virtue of his own qualities like beauty, clever mind, strength, skills, and also his other merits and talents. These qualities in him enticed him to prove himself in the society as best in terms how he had made himself and the society to move forward economically, socially and independently, but he too began to show himself more than what he could achieve to his advantage. This trait in him became quite a dangerous proposition as it entails ostentation, deceptiveness, cunningness and all the vices that would make a man slave.Rousseau was quite right when he said that â€Å"On the other hand, although man had previously been free and independent, we find him, so to speak, subject, by virtue of a multitude of fresh needs, to all of nature and particularly to his fellowmen, whose slave in a sense he becomes even in becoming their master; rich, he needs their services; poor he needs t heir help; and being midway between wealth and poverty does not put him in a position to get along without them†. (Rousseau, 437)What followed was based on the simple fact that man is a social animal and required one person or the other to make him meet and fulfill his needs. But when the most powerful and the weakest try to make the most of each other’s strengths and weaknesses what entails is the unbridled passion for the usurpations of wealth by whatever means and this greed, lust and power make one man dominate the other, still there is no possibility of going on without each other. This is an essence of human civilization and it holds true in 21st century also no matter how advanced scientifically and technologically it is, the man is and would remain slave to his fellowmen.WORKS CITEDRousseau, Jean Jacques. â€Å"Discourse On the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men† Modern Political Thought: Readings from Machiavelli to Nietzsche. Ed. David Woott on. Indiana: Hackett Publishing, 1996. 404-463.Johnston, Ian. â€Å"On Rousseaus Discourse On Inequality†. malaspina.edu. Internet (2000). Available: http://malaspina.edu/~johnstoi/introser/rousseau2.htm, August 3, 2008.